A. HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
A.1 early history
Tracking the history of graphic design can be traced from the traces of human remains in the form of graphic symbols (signs & symbols) that form the image (pictograf) or writing (ideograf). Figure precede the writing because the image is considered to be more direct and expressive, with a base of reference nature (flora, fauna, landscape and others). Writing / script represents the conversion of images, forms and codes of communication are more complex than the picture. No one knows for sure since when humans started using pictures as a medium of communication. Humans have used primitive drawing graffiti on the wall of the cave to hunt animals activities. Examples such as that found in the walls of Lascaux cave, France.Coat / script as a means of communication initiated by the Punesia (+ 1000 years BC), who then use the form 22 letter. Later perfected by the Greeks (+ 400 years BC), among others, by changing the 5 letters into vowels. Glory of the Roman empire in the first century who managed to conquer Greece, bringing a new civilization in Western history with diadaptasikannya literary, artistic, religious, and the Latin alphabet that was brought from Greece. At first the Romans set from the Greek alphabet to 21 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T , V, and X, then Y and Z are added in the Latin alphabet to accommodate a word derived from Greek. Three additional letters J, U and W included in medieval Latin alphabet bringing the total to 26.When the college was first established in Europe in the early second millennium, the book becomes a very high demands. Print technology have not found at that time, so that a book should be copied by hand. It is said to copying a book can take many months. In order to meet the demanding needs copying an increasing variety of books as well as to accelerate the work of the copyists (scribes), it gives birth Script Blackletter letter, a lowercase created with form of thin-thick and thin. Efficiency can be met through the form of this letter because ketipis-tebalannya to accelerate the work of writing. In addition, with advantage of the beautiful and slender, the letters can be written in greater numbers on one page book.
Black Letter Script andA.1 early history
Tracking the history of graphic design can be traced from the traces of human remains in the form of graphic symbols (signs & symbols) that form the image (pictograf) or writing (ideograf). Figure precede the writing because the image is considered to be more direct and expressive, with a base of reference nature (flora, fauna, landscape and others). Writing / script represents the conversion of images, forms and codes of communication are more complex than the picture. No one knows for sure since when humans started using pictures as a medium of communication. Humans have used primitive drawing graffiti on the wall of the cave to hunt animals activities. Examples such as that found in the walls of Lascaux cave, France.Coat / script as a means of communication initiated by the Punesia (+ 1000 years BC), who then use the form 22 letter. Later perfected by the Greeks (+ 400 years BC), among others, by changing the 5 letters into vowels. Glory of the Roman empire in the first century who managed to conquer Greece, bringing a new civilization in Western history with diadaptasikannya literary, artistic, religious, and the Latin alphabet that was brought from Greece. At first the Romans set from the Greek alphabet to 21 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T , V, and X, then Y and Z are added in the Latin alphabet to accommodate a word derived from Greek. Three additional letters J, U and W included in medieval Latin alphabet bringing the total to 26.When the college was first established in Europe in the early second millennium, the book becomes a very high demands. Print technology have not found at that time, so that a book should be copied by hand. It is said to copying a book can take many months. In order to meet the demanding needs copying an increasing variety of books as well as to accelerate the work of the copyists (scribes), it gives birth Script Blackletter letter, a lowercase created with form of thin-thick and thin. Efficiency can be met through the form of this letter because ketipis-tebalannya to accelerate the work of writing. In addition, with advantage of the beautiful and slender, the letters can be written in greater numbers on one page book.
A.2 Era Print
Graphic design growing rapidly along with the development history of human civilization as found in the writing and printing machine. In 1447, Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) discovered the print engine technology that can be driven with the pressure model resembles the design used in the Rhineland, Germany, to produce wine. This is a revolutionary development that allows the production of books in bulk at low cost, which became part of the explosion of information during the European renaissance.
Guterberg 1450 in cooperation with the traders and investors Johannes Fust, assisted by Peter Schoffer he scored "Latin Bible" or the "Guterberg Bible", "Mararin Bible" or "42 line Bible" which diselesaikanya in the year 1456. Gutenberg these findings have supported the development of illustration art in Germany especially for the decoration of books. At that time also developed pattern letters (typography). Illustration of the time tend to the realist and not a lot of icons. Artists such as Lucas Cranach the size with his work "Where of Babylon".
Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)
In the next development, Aloys Senefelder (1771-1834) discovered lithography printing techniques. Unlike the printing press that utilizes Guterberg high printing techniques, lithography printing technique uses flat printing technique that utilizes the principle of water repel each other with oil. The name is from the master print lithography using Litho stone media. This technique makes it possible to make the depiction more freely in the form of blocks and large size, also allows for color separation. So this time support the rapid development of poster art. This golden age disebu touted as "The Golden Age of the Poster".
Poster art figures lithogafi techniques (1836-1893), among others, Jules Cheret with his great work "Eldorado: Riang Dancer" (1898), "La Loie Fuller: Fuller Dancer" (1897), "Quinquina Dubonnet" (1896), "Enu des Sirenes "(1899). Other figures such as Henri de Toulouse Lautrec and Eugene Grasset.
Poster art figures lithogafi techniques (1836-1893), among others, Jules Cheret with his great work "Eldorado: Riang Dancer" (1898), "La Loie Fuller: Fuller Dancer" (1897), "Quinquina Dubonnet" (1896), "Enu des Sirenes "(1899). Other figures such as Henri de Toulouse Lautrec and Eugene Grasset.
A.3 Further Development
The following are important events in the world that play a role in the history of graphic design.
The following are important events in the world that play a role in the history of graphic design.
1851, The Great Exhibition
Held at London's Hyde park between May and October 1851, at the time of industrial revolution. This major exhibition highlighting the culture and industry and celebrate the industrial technology and design. The exhibition was held in the building of the structure of iron-cast and glass, often called the Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton.
Ilustrasi Crystal Palace
Buku optik dari Great Exhibition
1892, Aristide Bruant, Toulouse-Lautrec
Post-Impressionist painter and illustrator art nouveau France, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec depicts many facets of Paris in the nineteenth century in posters and paintings that express a sympathy for the human race. Although lithography was found in Austria by Alois Senefelder in 1796, Toulouse-Lautrec helped achieve the smelting industry and the arts.
Poster Aristide BruantModernism was shaped by urbanization and industrialization of Western society. A dogma is a breath of modern design is "Form Follow Function" of the catapult by Louis Sullivan.Symbol kejayan strongest of modernism is the engine that is also interpreted as a future for his followers. Design without decor more suited to the "machine language", so that the works of the tradition of ornamental and decorative considered incompatible with the "machine aesthetic. "
1916, Dadaisme
An art and literary movement (1916-1923) which developed following the First World War and are looking to find a genuine reality until the abolition of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. Dadaisme bring new ideas, directions and ingredients, but with little uniformity. The principle is that impossibilities are deliberate, cynical and anarchic nature, and rejection of laws of beauty.
1916, De Stijl
The force comes from the Dutch De Stijl is an art and design movement that developed in a magazine of the same name founded by Theo Van Doesburg. De Stijl using strong rectangular form, using basic colors and use the asymmetrical composition. The picture below is Red and Blue Chair designed by Gerrit Rietveld.
The Red and Blue ChairA modern art movement that began in Moscow in 1920, which is characterized by the use of industrial methods to create geometric objects. Russian Constructivism influence on modern views through the use of sans-serif letters in red and black arranged in an asymmetrical block.
The model of the Tatlin Tower, a monument to the Communist International.
1919, BauhausBauhaus opened in 1919 under the direction of renowned architect Walter Gropius. Until finally to be closed in 1933, Bauhaus started a fresh approach to design follow Duni First War, with a style that focused on function rather than decoration.
Gedung Bauhaus
1928-1930, Gill SansTipograper Eric Gill studied at the Edward Johnston Underground font type and refine into a Gill Sans. Gill Sans is a sans serif typeface with classic proportions and graceful geometric characteristics that give it a wide range of abilities (great versatility.)
Photo Eric GillGraphic designer Harry's Back (1903-1974) created a map of London Underground (London Underground Map) in 1931. An abstract work that contains little relation to the physical scale. Beck focused on the needs of the user of how to get from one station to another station and where to change trains.
Harry Beck and his underground Map
1950s, International StyleInternational or Swiss style is based on the revolutionary principle in the 1920s such as De Stijl, Bauhaus and Neue Typography, and it became official in the 1950s. Grid, the principles of mathematics, a little decoration and sans serif typeface to be the rule as typography enhanced to better show the function of universal rather than personal expression.
The cover of the book from Taschen1951, Helvetica
Created by Max Miedinger a designer from Switzerland, Helvetica is one of the most popular types of letters and famous in the world. Clean-looking, with no stripes does not make sense based on the letter Akzidenz-Grotesk. Initially called the Hass Grostesk, the name was changed to Helvetica in 1960. Helvetica family has a thickness of 34 models and 51 models have Helvetica Neue.
Helvetica book cover
1960s, Psychedelia and Pop Art
Popular culture in the 1960s such as music, art, design and literature became more accessible and reflect on everyday life. By deliberately and clearly, Pop Art evolved as a reaction against abstract art. The picture below is a work of Milton Glaser poster featuring the silhouette of Marcel Duchamp's style combined with the calligraphy circle. In print for more than 6 million copies.
Poster by Milton Glaser1984, Émigré
American graphic design magazine, émigrés is the first publication to use Macintosh computers, and affect graphic designers to switch to desktop publishing (DTP). The magazine also acts as a forum for experimental typography.
Magazine Cover émigrés
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